A simpler framework for hybrid cloud

Hybrid cloud is one of top mind projects for most IT managers, and there's little content that one can add to be original   ;-)

The hype and the attempt of many vendors (including... Cisco) to provide relevant solutions have populated the space of an incredible number of offers that make it hard to distinguish what works, what's manageable and cost effective, from what is only marketecture.

Recently Cisco decided to invest even more on cloud and, with the advent of a new CTO and some acquisitions, a revision of our approach to hybrid cloud made it easier and more effective. This post is not from official marketing and is not echoing company's direction: it's my attempt to rationalize my understanding of the new framework and to solicit your comments and feedback, so that I can leverage it when I discuss with my customers and partners.
The following picture represents the area where Cisco plays a role, offering hardware and software solutions.
When it comes to the software stack to manage the infrastructure and provide services to the users, we have a mix of Cisco products, open source solutions and integration with 3rd parties. The objective is to offer a set of pre-validated stacks that can match the different needs, granting a deterministic result.

I shared some thoughts with a group of colleagues because we're planning educational activities for our field people: instead of just providing a reference architecture (that would end being a list of products to be forced in every deal) we tried to represent the functions in the system as components of a framework, from which we'll pull the specific architecture for a given project. This, used cum grano salis, should help to be pragmatic and realize quick wins (for both the customers - think of Fast IT initiatives - and of course for Cisco).

As a result, next picture is separating the different functional layers so that they can be explained to sales guys and to customers.
It could also help to manage the possible overlap with alternative solutions that customers may choose – or already have – because every element is replaceable in the picture, based on the open API they expose/consume (as well as any well designed 3rd party product).

It is important to note that the top two layers in the picture are optional, since not all customers need those functions in their system. Based on the level of Governance that they want to have, the existing processes and the way they develop business applications (or use commercial software that only need a resource pool to be deployed), the entry point could be directly at the third layer (Multi-Cloud Management) and ITSM and PaaS would be removed.

So, while we explain all the possibilities as said above, we need to make them feel confident that it’s doable and not overly complex.
In that regard, my motto is that “cloud is not a product (or a set of), it’s a project and it’s complex in nature… regardless the products set you choose”. Generally the cost of hardware and software products is lower than development and consulting services, and customers know it.
If we can claim that a pre-built integration makes the project easier (and we can), I would stress the value of reducing the project risk and delivering outcomes faster rather than a cheaper implementation.

Selling licenses can be (almost) easy, but driving adoption with business outcomes for customers is different. Finally Cisco has built a practice that can deliver IT projects effectively and recruited partners that do the same: customers have different options to choose from.

Now, in the context of a end to end strategy defined with the customer, we can deliver projects based on agile methodologies (e.g. Scrum) and implement the architecture layers with a bottom up approach: from a strong capability to automate the Data Center (and the hybrid cloud) you can create services that are surfaced up to the consumption layers, including a self service catalog.

Software Defined What?

The bottom up approach stresses the value of the API exposed by UCS and ACI (with the further evolution from basic programmability to policy-based management, that I'm not mentioning yet - look out for next post). With the power and the granularity of those API, you can really realize a fully Software Defined Data Center (SDDC): servers and networks can be shaped via software interfaces.
By the way, I take the opportunity here to clarify that Software Defined Data Center does not mean Software Implemented Data Center: you don't necessarily need a software overlay that mimics the behavior of the hardware (living as a separate entity), you need software controllers that drive the shape and the behavior of both physical and virtual resources in the DC as a single system.
Better if they do that based on policies... like the Cisco architecture does  :-)
You will see a post dedicated to policies and application intent soon on this blog.

Competition?

We also recognize that many customers have already an ITSM solution in place, or any other form of governance. So we don't engage in competitive fights, like imposing Cisco Prime Service Catalog vs Service Now, but we rather integrate our solution with the existing components: this is a sort of compromise with a competitor that hurts my pride, but since it's for our customers' benefit... it's a good solution.

Cisco Cloud Center as a broker: the recent acquisition of Cliqr brings a great solution to Cisco to address the multi-cloud management use cases, the most important ones for the majority of customers. In the logical schema above you can see that the hybrid cloud scenario has been qualified better as Multi-Cloud management.
This reflects the fact that having a application deployed partly in your Data Center and partly in the public cloud is still a relevant use case, but many companies are more attracted by other scenarios... like moving from one project stage to next (e.g. Dev-Test-QA-Prod) using different resource pools (on premise or in cloud), or moving their assets from one cloud provider to a different one.

Cloud Brokering and Multi Cloud Management

In the first one (promotion to next stage) it could be useful to leverage resources that are allocated based on business convenience (e.g. cost or flexibility) or compliance (e.g. data sovereignty), so the application and all the needed infrastructure are moved back and forth to the public cloud.
In the second the driver could be a dual provider strategy, or maybe a change in the market conditions that makes one provider more appealing than the current one, or a strategic switch from private cloud to public (or vice versa).


In all these cases, we offer a solution to deploy a software stack (a complete custom application, a development platform, or a commercial software product) as a self service option, where the target can be selected dynamically from a list of available clouds.
You can deploy to your local private cloud, based on vmware or any other virtualization solution, or to a Openstack based cloud, or to any of the public cloud providers if you have an account there.
Any resource pool is a possible destination for the deployment (and the life cycle management, including autoscale or retirement of the application).
The model of the deployment of the application is completely de-coupled from the selection of the target, thanks to the capabilities of the orchestrator that can configure the needed resources in almost any cloud transparently.
It uses the API exposed by the element managers of a multi vendor infrastructure on premise (e.g. vcenter, UCS Manager, the ACI controller, etc.) and those exposed by public clouds like AWS, Azure, etc.

From a logical schema to a real deployment

So we can offer users a different entry point, based on their business needs (they might need a ticketing system, or a self service catalog, a PaaS solution or directly the web portal of the multi cloud manager to model deployments and deliver them).
The customer can have one or more resource pools, allocated wherever he likes (local or in cloud), and let the broker direct the selection of the target based on predefined policies.

The schema in next picture presents different products at every layer: a solution can be based on one of them, or a combination. We have the flexibility to match the specific needs with products from Cisco, from 3rd party vendors or open source.
As an example, MANTL is a new open source project that makes the development of microservices easier if you build cloud native applications.

I will expand the detail of the single products and the open source solutions shown in this picture in my next post.
Stay tuned...

References

http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/executive-perspectives/fast_it.html
http://www.cisco.com/web/solutions/trends/futureofit/why-cisco.html
http://MANTL.io
http://Github.com/CiscoCloud/microservices-infrastucture 
http://lucarelandini.blogspot.it/2015/10/devops-docker-and-cisco-aci-part-1.html
http://lucarelandini.blogspot.it/2015/03/aci-for-dummies.html
http://lucarelandini.blogspot.it/2015/09/the-phoenix-project-how-devops-can.html

How to create a service end to end in Cisco ONE ECS

Training and real world usage of the products

Sometimes training is more focused on the procedural detail of the individual components than on the real world usage of a system.
You might miss the understanding of the end-to-end architecture and the use cases that you could address with that solution so you go home, at the end of the training, without a complete awareness.

In the case of the Cisco ONE Enterprise Cloud Suite, that is composed of a number of components, in a course for beginners you will learn how to use Prime Service Catalog, UCS Director, Intercloud Fabric Director and VACS.
But, after you know how to configure them and what's the value provided by every tool, you might still wonder "what I'm going to do with this architecture?" or "how complex would it be to implement a complete project?".

I put this sample use case together to show what is the process to create a brand new service in the self service catalog, complete with all the implementation of the delivery of the service. My colleague Maxim Khavankin helped me to document all the steps.
If you download PSC and UCSD and run them with the evaluation license, you could run through this exercise very easily and make friends with the platform.

Hello World with Cisco ECS

I implemented a very simple service, just to have a context to show the implementation.
No business logic is involved, or integration with back end systems, to keep you focused on the mechanics: you can easily extend this framework to your real use case.

The idea is to order a service in PSC, providing a input, and let UCSD deliver the outcome.
In our case the expected result is writing a "Hello <your name>" message in the log file.

Generally workflows in UCSD make use of tasks from the library (you have more than 2000 tasks to automate servers, network, storage and virtualization). But a specific use case might require a task that is not available already, so you build it and add it to the library.

I created a custom task in UCSD just to write to the log: of course, you could replace this extremely exciting logic with a call to the REST API - or any other API - of the system you want to target: infrastructure managers in your data center, enterprise software systems, your partner's API for a B2B service, etc. 

 

Then I created a custom workflow in UCSD, that takes your name as a input and makes use of the task I mentioned to deliver the "Hello World" service. The workflow can be executed in UCSD (e.g. for unit testing) or invoked via the UCSD API.

Prime Service Catalog has a wizard that explores the API exposed by UCSD, discovers and imports all the entities it finds (including workflows) so that you can immediately offer them as services in the catalog for end users. Of course a customization can be added with the tools provided by PSC.

So the end to end procedure to create a business services is described by the following steps:

1. Create a custom task (if required)
2. Define a workflow that uses the custom task -> define input variables
3. Create a catalog item in UCSD -> offer the workflow from step 2
4. Synchronize PSC and UCSD
5. Use the wizard to import the service in PSC
6. Customize the service in the PSC catalog with Service Designer (optional)
7. Order the customized service
8. Check the order status on PSC side
9. Check the order status and outcome in UCSD

I illustrate every step with some pictures:

Create a custom task (if required)    

Custom tasks can be added to the existing library where 2000+ tasks are offered to manage servers, network, storage and virtualization.

You can group tasks in Categories so that they can be found easily in the workflow editor later. 

 

Custom tasks can have (optional) input and output parameters, that you define based on variable types: in this case I used a generic text variable to contain the name to send greetings to:

The format, contraints and presentation style can be defined:

You can skip the steps "Custom Task Outputs" and "Controller" in the wizard to create the task: we don't need them in this use case.

Finally we create the logic for our use case: a small piece of Javascript code that executes the custom action we want to add to the automation library.

The UCSD logger object has a method to write an Information/Warning/Error message to the UCSD log file. As I wrote earlier, you could use http calls here to invoke REST API if this was a real world use case.

After you've created your custom task it's available in the automation library.
Now you have to define a workflow that uses the custom task: to pass the input that the task requires, you will define a input variable in the workflow.

The workflow is an entity that contains a number of tasks. The workflow itself has its own input and output parameters, that can be used by the individual tasks.

Input and output parameters of the workflow are defined in the same way as tasks' input and output.

They can be useful if you launch the workflow via the REST API exposed by UCSD.

Now that you've created the workflow, it's time to add some tasks to it picking from the library (exposed in the left panel of the workflow editor).
We'll only add one task (the custom task that we created): select it from the library, eventually searching for the word "hello".
Drag and drop the task in the editor canvas, then configure it.

You will see a screen similar to this one:

 Configure the new task giving it a name:

Map the input variable of the task to the input parameter of the workflow that you created:

If you had not a variable holding the value for this task's input, you could still hard code the input value here (but it's not our case: this form would appear different if you hadn't mapped the variable in the previous screen).

 

The task does not produce any output value, so there's no option to map it to the output parameters of the workflow.

Finally we see the complete workflow (one single task, in our example) and we can validate it: it's a formal check that all the tasks are connected and all the variables assigned.

 

Then we can execute it from the same window, to check that it behaves correctly. You will have access to the log file from the same window that pops up when you execute the workflow, so you can see that the greetings appear in the log.

Next action is to expose this workflow to users in UCSD (in the GUI and via the API).

Create catalog item in UCSD -> offer workflow from Step 2   

UCSD catalog items are offered to non-admin users if you so choose. They are grouped in folders in the user interface, and you can make them visible to specific users or groups.

You can give them a name and a description and associate a service, that could be the provisioning of a resource or a custom workflow - like in our case.

The workflow is selected and associated here: 

After defining the new catalog item, you'll see it here - and in the end-user web GUI.

If the service is offered to technical users (e.g. the IT operations team), your work could be considered complete.
They can access UCSD and launch the workflow. The essential user interface of the tool is good enough for technical users that only need efficiency.

But if you're building a private cloud you might want to offer your end users a more sophisticated user interface and a complete self service catalog populated with any kind of services, where you apply the governance rules for your business.

So we'll go on and expose the "Hello World" service in Cisco Prime Service Catalog.

Synchronize PSC and UCSD   

Login to PSC as admin, go to Administration -> Manage Connections.
Click on the connection to UCSD (previously defined by giving it the target ip address and credentials) and click "Connect & Import".

PSC will discover all the assets offered by UCSD.
Now you can use the wizard to import the "Hello World" service in PSC. With few clicks it will be exposed in the service catalog.  

The wizard allows you to associate an image and a description with the service. Here you can describe it at the level of detail and abstraction that are more appropriate for your users (or customers).
You have a full graphic editor that does not require any skills as a web designer.

 

Additional metadata (attributes of the service) can be added, so that users can find it when searching the catalog: there is a search engine that PSC provides out of the box.

And finally you decide who can see and order the service in the catalog: you can map it to single users, groups, roles, organizations or just offer it to everyone.

 

At this time the service is fully working in the self service catalog and his lifecycle is managed. But, if you like, you can still apply customization and leverage the power of PSC. 

Customize the service in the PSC catalog with Service Designer (optional)   

There a subsystem in PSC, accessible only to specific user roles, that is called "Service Designer". It can be used to build services from scratch or to edit existing services, like the one that the wizard generated for us. Just go there and select the "Hello World" service.

The user interface of the service is built on reusable elements, that are called Active Forms (one active form could be reused in many services). The wizard generated a Active Form for our service, with a name corresponding to it.

 

If you select the active form and go to the panel "Display Properties" you can change the appearance and the behavior of the order form.

 

As an example the only input field, named "person", can be transformed into a drop down list with pre-populated items. Items could even be obtained from a database query or from a call to a web service, so that the list is dynamically populated.

 

The power of the Service Designer offers many more customization options, but here we want to stay on the easiest side so we'll stop here   :-)

Order the customized service   

Go to the home page of the Service Catalog. Browse the categories (did you create a custom category or just put the Hello World service in one of the existing categories?). You can also search for it using the search function, accessed via the magnifier glass icon.

In this picture you also see a review made by one of the users of the catalog that has already used the service. You can add your own after you've ordered it at least once.

You will be asked to provide the required input:

 

When you submit a request, your order is tracked in My Stuff -> Open Orders.

This is also used for audit activities.

Check order status on PSC side  

You will see the progress of the delivery process for your order: in general it has different phases including, if needed, the approval by specific users.

Check order status and outcome in UCSD     

If you go back to the admin view in UCSD (Organizations -> Service Requests) you will see that a new service request has been generated: double click on it to see the status.

if you click on the Log tab you can check the result of the execution of the service: the hello message has been delivered!

Now that you appreciated how easy is to build new services with PSC+UCSD you're ready to use all the features provided by the products and the pre-built integration that makes it very quick.

All your data center infrastructure is managed by UCSD, so that you can automate provisioning and configuration of servers, network and storage (of course, from any vendor and both physical and virtual). Once you've the automation done, offering services in the self service catalog takes just few minutes.

References

Cisco Enterprise Cloud Suite
and its individual components:
- Cisco PSC - Prime Service Catalog 
- Cisco UCSD - UCS Director

Become a cloud provider in 3 months

This is the story of a company that decided to become a Cloud Service Provider.
They were already a successful IT outsourcer in the financial industry, with many customers' environments running in their data center.
Outsourcing was a healthy business but they started having some challenges, due to slow and inefficient provisioning processes and operations.
Any new request from a customer started a new project, so their customers started exploring public cloud services to get more flexibility and speed.
For this reason, the company decided to adopt the cloud delivery model and to offer their customers a self service catalog.

Of course a cloud project cannot be done in one night, so they were cautious in their approach.
Both technology and operational processes needed to be proven before embarking in such a challenge, but the traditional waterfall methodology made the expected return appear uncertain and distant.
To make things worse, they had tried to implement a PaaS project with a different vendor and they had spent a lot of money without tangible return.

I was engaged to support the evaluation of a new IaaS catalog that could evolve to PaaS and to self service applications management.
I made sure that the Business and IT strategy were in sync and I proposed to start with small steps to validate the approach. I also invited them to qualify the quick wins that they would expect to justify the investment and show the stakeholders an immediate return, so that the project lived enough to reach the expected success.
As you know well, many projects last too much and die before showing any business return.

We analyzed the current situation and defined a future vision. This was the driver for a gap analysis and for the prioritization of user stories, that we decided to implement in short iterations (sprints of 2 weeks, according to the Agile Scrum methodology).
Their data center was mainly based on Cisco networks and servers, but this was not the main reason for selecting the Cisco software stack for the cloud project.
After the initial workshops, some product demo and talks about other projects they understood that our people - and our partner company that implemented the project with them - were experienced enough to plan the project seriously and to chase the quick wins that we all considered so important.

The Cloud Management Platform chosen for the project was the Cisco ONE Enterprise Cloud Suite (aka ECS).

One of the most important features considered in the decision was the possibility to create flexible templates, later exposed as self service options in the end user catalog, for the deployment of complex applications. A set of servers with different roles, and all the networks needed to make them work, can be provisioned as a dedicated and virtually separated environment (multi tenancy in a shared infrastructure that offers economy of scale).

As an example, the following picture shows a environment that could be ordered - fully configured - with a single click. It is based on a component of the ECS architecture that is named VACS (virtual application cloud segmentation):

 

It was easy to engage the SME (subject matter experts) for the servers, the network, the storage and the virtualization in the customer organization and to ask them to define the basic policies that we would use as building blocks for all the services to be offered.
This model-based implementation is quicker to build and easier to maintain, and it can be exposed to the end users in a way that they understand and trust soon.

The automation that we built was considered useful by the SME (after winning their initial suspicion, because every good craftsman loves manual work) because it set them free from the manual operations that previously made their work tedious and error prone.
Delegating the configuration to an automated service gave their customers a faster service and a higher quality (no rework needed because of manual errors or missing information).

One more component in the architecture is the Stack Designer.
It is a tool provided by the Cisco ECS to create templates for application provisioning. It takes IaaS templates - made in the infrastructure management layer, that in our case is UCSD, to deploy a topology of servers and networks - and layers the software stack on top of them.

You can decide what software products (or custom applications) must be installed - and configured based on the input parameters provided by the end user - including monitoring agents and backup agents, and save this new template in the repository.
The integration with Puppet, an open source solution used to provision software applications, is leveraged to install and configure the entire software stack from the images in the repository.

The new template can now be offered as a self service option in the catalog, so that the end users don't need to install and configure the software stack themselves. A end-to-end solution is provided, up and running and ready to be used.
All the components of the ECS solution are pre-integrated and this makes the project faster than you would expect. But, since they communicate through standard protocols and open API, every component of the architecture could be replaced by an alternative product (from a different vendor or from the open source community). You should not be afraid of vendor lock in  :-)

Agile Delivery

In terms of project delivery, the following table shows the different iterations that allowed to complete the delivery in only 3 months.
But the amazing result is that at every sprint (i.e. every 2 weeks) new use cases were available in a usable environment.
The first demo to a real customer (a customer of my customer) was done after 2 months from the start of the project, and the first customer was onboarded after the 5th sprint (i.e. 2.5 months).

Conclusion

This quick win demonstrates that even complex projects like building a public cloud platform can be done in a reasonable amount of time.
The era of endless projects, based on complex technology and measured in function points, has passed forever.
There are simple solutions (like ECS) that make your work easier, but a good organization and the right methodology allow for incremental building and refinement of the solution. Every iteration of the project delivers a usable result in the production environment, and you don't need to wait the completion of the entire project to start using the solution.
If you are a service provider, you can start selling your services soon and produce a ROI.
More services will be added incrementally and the catalog will be richer at every iteration.

References

Cisco Enterprise Cloud Suite
and its individual components:
- Cisco PSC - Prime Service Catalog 
- Cisco UCSD - UCS Director
- Cisco VACS - Virtual Application Cloud Segmentation

Fast IT
Cisco Prime Service Catalog in action: Cisco eStore

Scrum (agile development) 

Governance in the hybrid cloud

This post shows how a company can solve one of the main issue that CIOs have today: the so called Shadow IT.

This term defines the usage of cloud services (either IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) in a project without any control, decided by the application developers or designers because they think it's beneficial for the agility of the project.

Sometimes leveraging available services is really good for a project: it's useless to rebuild something that is easily available as a standardized service. Even when the IT organization of your company (or your customer, if you're a consulting company) provides the building blocks that you need for your architecture, it could be difficult to get approvals or a fast enough provisioning.
So there are different valid reasons to incorporate public cloud services, we can't blame those that try to fully exploit a Service Oriented Architecture.

Unfortunately this way of assembling applications using any available resource you consider useful creates troubles for the IT organization.
Besides additional costs, that arrive as a surprise (developers bill to a personal credit card or to a corporate one, but sooner or later those costs will be factored into the cost of the project), some corporate rules could be violated without even being aware.
Just a few examples: storing reserved data in a database outside the company's datacenter, or invoking services without encrypting the input/output parameters, not granting the end to end High Availability or Disaster Recovery of the entire system.

The subject of costs can be easily underestimated: at development time you need very limited cloud resources, for a limited time. It costs near to zero, before the application goes to a full production environment. But after that, it will need more computing power and more storage, and of course more bandwidth, to serve all the users. Cloud services tend to increase surprisingly in these conditions.

So the CIO has a dilemma: to try to block, or limit, the usage of cloud services - limiting cost and risk but appearing like the one that slows the innovation down and prevents the lines of business from achieving their business result - or to allow maximum freedom, with the additional risk of becoming not relevant because they can bypass the IT organization?

There is a solution in the middle: IT could offer a facilitated access to cloud services, adding them to a Service Catalog where users can self serve, granting compliance by design.
Public cloud services will be selected based on agreed architectural and security policies, they will be documented, audited and reported, eventually subject to approval from a financial standpoint.

One possible implementation of such a catalog can be based on the Cisco ONE Enterprise Cloud Suite, as I did in a recent project at one of my customers.

The Cisco ECS is a reference architecture comprising one flexible Service Catalog, a automation engine and a platform for hybrid cloud that allows the extension of your datacenter into a kind of "bubble" in the public cloud. In case you need additional power, you can burst your workloads into the virtual private datacenter keeping all the security and networking policies you defined in your private cloud: even the IP address of the virtual machines does not change, as long as the secure segmentation of the application layers and any other policy.

I'm not going to describe the Cisco ECS, because you can find the official documentation here.
I'm showing how we extended the services offered in this catalog with CliQr Cloud Center for managing the provisioning and the lifecycle management for applications in the cloud. So the great capabilities of Cisco ECS in term of IaaS are complemented with the offer of the deployments of simple or complex applications and software stacks, that you can target at any cloud just selecting from a drop down list.

I mean that the template for the deployment is not cloud dependent,  and the user can - within the limits of his authorization level and the corporate policies - choose to provision it in the private cloud (e.g. on vmware in the corporate data center) or in the public cloud (e.g. AWS or Azure).
The lifecycle operations (start, stop, resume, delete, etc.) will be also offered as well as the migration to a different cloud: from private to public after the QA test is done and you're ready for production, from a public provider to a more convenient one, etc.

THIS POST HAS BEEN REDACTED

After the publication of this post Cisco announced the intent to acquire Cliqr (not because of the post :-) ), and our policies require that we don't speak of deals while they are in progress. I can't show the way we integrated Cliqr in this project because the official statement on the reference architecture will be communicated by Cisco after the acquisition is eventually completed.

References:
http://blogs.cisco.com/datacenter/introducing-cisco-one-enterprise-cloud-suite
http://www.cliqr.com/